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pH is the measure of hydrogen ions. It indicates if aquarium water is acidic or alkaline. On a scale of 0 to 14, pure water has a neutral pH of 7.0. Acidic liquids (such as with citric fruits, tannin water) have a pH of less than 7.0, and alkaline liquids (like green tea and soap) have a pH of more than 7.0. Most freshwater fish thrive at pH levels between 6.5 to 8.0.
If your aquarium has experienced a pH crash, your fish may show signs of stress, such as frantic swimming, lethargy, rapid breathing, or other erratic behavior.
pH can be lowered by tannins from wood and leaves, by adding peat moss, or by using specific substrates.
It is good to note though that pH levels in an aquarium tends to change throughout the day. The objective is to maintain a stable pH with as little fluctuations as possible.